Como matar índios com giz e apagador
Interessante texto sobre a realidade das línguas indígenas no Brasil.
José Ribamar Bessa Freire
Por que hoje é tão alto o índice de suicídio entre os índios que originalmente desconheciam tal prática? Segundo o estudioso da língua Tukano, padre Casimiro Béksta, aqui citado na semana passada, não existe sequer tradução para tal palavra na maioria das línguas indígenas. Os pesquisadores que estudaram o suicídio de índios citam diversas causas relacionadas à terra, religião, economia, políticas de saúde e de educação, entre outras. Destacamos aqui uma delas vinculada às línguas e a seu uso na escola.
São faladas 23 línguas em São Gabriel da Cachoeira, no Rio Negro (AM), que, entre os mais de cinco mil municípios brasileiros, lidera o ranking de suicídios de índios no Brasil (Mapa da Violência - Diário do Amazonas, 9/10/2014). A taxa de suicídios lá é dez vezes maior do que a média nacional. Entre 2008 e 2012, foram 50 casos por 100 mil habitantes, enquanto a média brasileira é de 5,3 suicídios. Entre os suicidas de São Gabriel, 93% são índios que se enforcaram ou se envenenaram com timbó.
- O que está acontecendo é um extermínio - afirmou o médico Carlos Felipe D´Oliveira, da Rede Brasileira de Prevenção ao Suicídio. Em janeiro deste ano, essas mortes, assim como as ocorridas em municípios de Mato Grosso do Sul, foram discutidas em Brasília no Fórum Brasileiro sobre Suicídio, que encaminhou minuta ao Congresso Nacional pedindo ações de prevenção e criação de políticas públicas para reduzir a incidência de suicídios. A proposta certamente ficará engavetada pelo deputado Eduardo Cunha (vixe, vixe), se ninguém ficar mordendo seu calcanhar ou se ele não cair antes derrubado pelas acusações de corrupção.
A "souffrance"
Entre as políticas públicas, estão as políticas de línguas. O tratamento que a sociedade dispensa às línguas interfere no índice de suicídio, se for correta a hipótese do linguista e antropólogo belga André-Marcel d´Ans (1938-2008). Ex-professor da Universidade de Paris VII, ele estudou os mitos dos índios Kaxinawá da Amazônia peruana, onde viveu por mais de seis anos. No seu artigo "Linguagem e Patologia Social", usa a categoria "souffrance" para explicar o sofrimento e o desespero provocados pelas tensões e conflitos linguísticos, que podem provocar o suicídio.
A "souffrance" - diz ele - é um tipo de sofrimento patológico, que não é resultado de nenhuma anomalia individual, mas provém de uma alteração funcional da situação linguística. Ela se dá quando se obriga alguém a usar uma língua que não é sua língua materna, num contexto de discriminação e preconceito. Cita o caso de um Yaminawa que havia sido alfabetizado, na marra, por missionários católicos, e contraiu a "souffrance".
Segundo D´Ans, essas anomalias atingem tanto o corpo como o psiquismo, originadas pelas tensões e conflitos que provocam os impasses linguísticos, “gerando um desespero que pode chegar, nos casos mais graves, a condutas violentas e/ou suicidárias”. Ele estabelece assim uma relação entre o uso da língua materna e o psiquismo dos indivíduos. Para não morrer de fome, não basta um pedaço de pão, é preciso assegurar o direito de cada um ter o pão em sua língua materna, como no poema de Vallejo escrito quando vivia na França.
Uma visão histórica sobre as políticas de línguas na região e seu uso na escola nos dão uma dimensão do estrago, conforme revelam os relatórios do poeta Gonçalves Dias que foi nomeado pelo presidente da Província do Amazonas, em 1861, para o cargo de visitador das escolas públicas de primeiras letras. Ele viajou pelos rios Solimões e Negro, visitou escolas e fez uma etnografia da sala de aula. Conversou com professores, folheou cadernos de alunos, assistiu aulas, elaborou um censo escolar, observou o calendário, currículo, livros didáticos, tudo.
O Apagamento
Uma conclusão de Gonçalves Dias é que a escola não funcionava no Amazonas, porque as aulas eram dada em português, mas a maioria da população desconhecia esta língua e falava, além de um idioma indígena, a Língua Geral ou Nheengatu. Mesmo assim, o poeta recomenda ao Presidente da Província que mantenha o português, pois “a vantagem da frequência das escolas estaria principalmente em se desabituarem da Língua Geral, que falam sempre em casa e nas ruas, e em toda parte”. Quer dizer, uma das funções da escola era mesmo apagar essas línguas consideradas "bárbaras, pobres e sujas".
Desta forma, os alunos continuariam excluídos do conhecimento escolar, mas para o poeta avaliador das escolas. mais importante do que o conteúdo das disciplinas era impedir o uso das línguas indígenas e impor o português:
"No falar a língua portuguesa já vai uma grande vantagem, e tal que, quando mesmo os meninos não fossem à escola para outra coisa, ainda assim conviria na atualidade e ficaria ainda sendo conveniente por bastante tempo, que o governo com esse fim criasse e sustentasse as escolas primárias do Solimões”.
Não dispomos de dados precisos sobre os suicídios de indígenas no Amazonas no séc. XIX. No entanto, depois de 1950, tanto no Solimões quanto no Negro, existem registros nos jornais e nos boletins policiais, evidenciando como se pode matar índio com giz e apagador. Tais dados podem ser correlacionados com as avaliações dos internatos criados pelos salesianos na região, cujo objetivo era, como o proposto por Gonçalves Dias, apagar as línguas indígenas em nome de uma "unidade nacional".
No entanto, não são apenas as escolas onde estudam os índios as criadoras de "souffrance". Houve um avanço e hoje já existem escolas bilingues que procuram valorizar as línguas indígenas como línguas de instrução nas primeiras séries. Mas isto de nada serve se esses índios, quando entram em contato com a sociedade nacional, sofrem discriminação de brasileiros preconceituosos, que frequentaram escolas onde não aprenderam a respeitar as línguas e culturas indígenas.
Por isso, o XXVIII Simpósio Nacional de História realizado nesta semana em Florianópolis aprovou em sessão plenária a moção encaminhada ao Conselho Nacional de Educação, solicitando regulamentação da Lei 11.645/2008, que determinou a inclusão do Ensino de História e Cultura Indígena na Educação Básica. Os profissionais da área estão exigindo a formulação de orientações e diretrizes pedagógicas, bem como a criação de disciplinas nos cursos universitários de História e Pedagogia que formem e atualizem os professores para implementar a lei.
Enquanto isso não for feito, o problema tende a se agravar. A imagem mais acabada da "souffrance" é a notícia "Dois ticunas se suicidam" publicada no Jornal do Brasil (19/08/1991). Um deles, Artur Gabriel, 32 anos, tio do vice-capitão da Comunidade de Umariaçu, Waldir Mendes, se enforcou cantando. Em língua ticuna, segundo seu sobrinho:
"Na manhã do dia 6 de agosto, depois de passar a noite inteira entoando canções indígenas, com uma garrafa de cachaça ao lado, Gabriel apareceu enforcado no fundo do quintal, pendurado a uma árvore".
Fonte: Taqui Pra Ti.
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